A Level Psychology OCR Test 2026 – 400 Free Practice Questions to Pass the Exam

The Piliavin et al. study used opportunity sampling, which involves selecting participants who are readily available and willing to take part in the study at the time of data collection. This method was particularly relevant in this research, as it took place on the New York City subway, where the researchers selected individuals who were present on the trains during their observation period.

Opportunity sampling is practical for studies conducted in naturalistic settings, as it allows researchers to gather data quickly and efficiently from a population that is accessible. In the case of the Piliavin study, the researchers aimed to observe real-life helping behavior, and using individuals who were already engaging in their daily routines provided authentic situations for their investigation.

Other sampling methods have distinct characteristics that would not have suited this study's design. For instance, random sampling would not have been feasible in a setting like the subway, where researchers cannot control who is present. Similarly, systematic and stratified sampling involve more complex selection criteria that would not align with the spontaneous and naturalistic approach of observing participants in real-time.